Modern Iran emerged around 1501, when Esma‘il I, a youthful prince descended from Muslim, Georgian, Turkish, and Byzantine royalty and nobility, proclaimed himself shah and re-established a Persian state after a hiatus of nine centuries. This chapter seeks to place Iran’s recent foreign policies in the Cold War and beyond in the broader context of the country’s experiences in international affairs. This topic is relevant not only due to the high polarization that it involves-since one side tends to see all these groups as radical and terrorist actors at the same time that the other side claims the importance to differentiate between all kinds of such groups-but also by the fact that the UN must evaluate all the efforts that it have been taking in regard to non-state military actors, especially after this whole decade of conflicts involving the Middle East and these groups, also updating its approach to them in such region. The UNSC, as guarantor of international security and peace, must address such pressing and polemic issue. Besides the wars triggered to fight the terrorist menace, against Al-Qaeda, for example, other non-state military actors have also been involved in conflicts, such as Hezbollah and Hamas. The Middle East, by its turn, is home of maybe the most important and internationally well-known non-state military actors of our time. The 21st century has seen an increase in the number of actions against the so-called non-state military actors, whose common features are: the fact of being organized groups operating outside state control their use of force to achieve political objectives the irregularity of its military actions, in opposition to the most common military doctrines of regular armies among others.
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